{"id":22650,"date":"2009-04-07T16:45:22","date_gmt":"2009-04-07T16:45:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/wordpress\/?p=22650"},"modified":"2009-04-07T16:45:22","modified_gmt":"2009-04-07T16:45:22","slug":"acesso-a-novas-tecnologias-cresce-de-maneira-desigual","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/?p=22650","title":{"rendered":"Acesso a novas tecnologias cresce de maneira desigual"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:WordDocument>   <w:View>Normal<\/w:View>   <w:Zoom>0<\/w:Zoom>   <w:TrackMoves\/>   <w:TrackFormatting\/>   <w:HyphenationZone>21<\/w:HyphenationZone>   <w:PunctuationKerning\/>   <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas\/>   <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false<\/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>   <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false<\/w:IgnoreMixedContent>   <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false<\/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>   <w:DoNotPromoteQF\/>   <w:LidThemeOther>PT-BR<\/w:LidThemeOther>   <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE<\/w:LidThemeAsian>   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\tmso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; \tmso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; \tmso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; \tmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} <\/style>\n\n <![endif]-->Enquanto as m&iacute;dias tradicionais est&atilde;o estagnadas ou come&ccedil;am a perder penetra&ccedil;&atilde;o, o acesso &agrave;s novas tecnologias cresce, embora de maneira desigual. Este &eacute; o quadro revelado pela pesquisa <strong>TIC Domic&iacute;lios Brasil 2008<\/strong>, realizada pelo Centro de Estudos sobre TICs (CETIC.Br) do N&uacute;cleo de Informa&ccedil;&atilde;o e Coordena&ccedil;&atilde;o do Ponto Br (NIC.Br), entidade ligada ao Conselho Gestor da Internet Brasil (CGI.Br). Segundo o estudo, apesar do uso de novos meios como telefonia m&oacute;vel e Internet estar em franca amplia&ccedil;&atilde;o, continua bastante limitado &agrave;s &aacute;reas urbanas, &agrave;s parcelas mais ricas da popula&ccedil;&atilde;o e aos estados do centro e do sul do Brasil.<\/p>\n<p>A pesquisa, realizada desde 2005, considerou pela primeira vez em seu universo de abrang&ecirc;ncia tamb&eacute;m as &aacute;reas rurais, cobrindo, assim, todo o territ&oacute;rio nacional. &nbsp;De acordo com os resultados, o acesso ao computador cresceu mais que o acesso &agrave; Internet. Enquanto a presen&ccedil;a daquele nos lares brasileiros aumentou em m&eacute;dia 18%, os domic&iacute;lios com conex&atilde;o &agrave; Rede Mundial de Computadores registraram amplia&ccedil;&atilde;o de 16%.<\/p>\n<p>Este movimento fez com que os computadores estejam presentes hoje nas casas de 25% dos brasileiros (14 milh&otilde;es), enquanto apenas 18% (10 milh&otilde;es) delas t&ecirc;m condi&ccedil;&otilde;es de navegar na Rede. Parte da explica&ccedil;&atilde;o est&aacute; relacionada ao fato de as pol&iacute;ticas de incentivos fiscais para o barateamento de equipamentos de inform&aacute;tica n&atilde;o terem sido acompanhadas de a&ccedil;&otilde;es que superassem os obst&aacute;culos &agrave; conectividade existentes na sociedade brasileira.<\/p>\n<p>Quanto ao tipo de conex&atilde;o, os domic&iacute;lios com banda larga j&aacute; representam 58%, enquanto o modem tradicional por meio de linha telef&ocirc;nica discada est&aacute; em 31% dos lares. Dentro dos 58% que t&ecirc;m acesso em banda larga, 23% utilizam a plataforma DSL (modem digital via linha telef&ocirc;nica), 23% a via cabo, 11% a via r&aacute;dio e 2% a via sat&eacute;lite.<\/p>\n<p>Com rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; velocidade da conex&atilde;o, o estudo registrou percentual ainda alto de taxas baixas de tr&aacute;fego de dados, com 44% dos domic&iacute;lios com conex&otilde;es entre 64 e 256 Kbps (quilobites por segundo). Outros 22% dos domic&iacute;lios t&ecirc;m acesso com velocidades entre 256 Kbps e 1 Mbps (megabites por segundo ou um milh&atilde;o de bites por segundo), 7% t&ecirc;m acesso com taxas entre 1Mbps e 2Mbps e 7% desfrutam de mais de 2Mbps.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Acesso desigual e excludente<br \/><\/strong><br \/>A principal barreira para a aquisi&ccedil;&atilde;o de computadores e para o acesso &agrave; Internet, segundo a pesquisa, &eacute; o elevado custo de ambos. No caso do segundo item, a falta de habilidade para utilizar os dispositivos relativos a esta atividade tamb&eacute;m surgiram como importante empecilho. <\/p>\n<p>Segundo a advogada Fl&aacute;via Lef&egrave;vre, do Instituto Pr&oacute;-Teste, a banda larga no Brasil &eacute; uma das mais caras do mundo e com menor qualidade. Ela acredita que o custo do acesso a alguns itens das tecnologias da informa&ccedil;&atilde;o e da comunica&ccedil;&atilde;o n&atilde;o ir&aacute; baixar enquanto o governo federal continuar delegando &agrave; iniciativa privada a responsabilidade pela implementa&ccedil;&atilde;o da rede respons&aacute;vel pela infra-estrutura que permite o acesso &agrave; Internet em banda larga.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;O que vem acontecendo hoje &eacute; ilegal. O governo, ao inv&eacute;s de regulamentar a rede de IP [Internet Protocol] de transmiss&atilde;o de dados digitais como um servi&ccedil;o p&uacute;blico, como &eacute; a telefonia fixa, est&aacute; n&atilde;o s&oacute; permitindo, mas incentivando que empresas do setor de telefonia, por exemplo, agreguem em seus servi&ccedil;os a disponibilidade da banda larga na mesma concess&atilde;o&rdquo;, denuncia.<\/p>\n<p>De acordo com Lef&eacute;vre, este movimento &eacute; problem&aacute;tico sob a &oacute;tica da concorr&ecirc;ncia, al&eacute;m de ser ilegal por ferir os artigos 64 e 65 da Lei Geral de Telecomunica&ccedil;&otilde;es (LGT). &ldquo;O monop&oacute;lio que j&aacute; existe com rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; telefonia nas regi&otilde;es vai haver tamb&eacute;m no servi&ccedil;o de banda larga. Dessa forma, n&atilde;o vai haver concorr&ecirc;ncia e n&atilde;o vai haver, portanto, queda de pre&ccedil;o.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Disparidade regional e de renda<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Os obst&aacute;culos &agrave; chamada &ldquo;inclus&atilde;o digital&rdquo; s&atilde;o acentuados quando o quadro brasileiro &eacute; analisado sob o recorte regional e de classe. O acesso &agrave; Internet, por exemplo, est&aacute; presente em 25% dos domic&iacute;lios da regi&atilde;o Sudeste e em cerca de 20% dos lares das regi&otilde;es Sul e Centro-Oeste. J&aacute; na regi&atilde;o Norte e Nordeste, esta propor&ccedil;&atilde;o n&atilde;o ultrapassa os 7%.<\/p>\n<p>Ainda segundo a pesquisa, no tocante aos crit&eacute;rios de renda e classe social, observa-se que, na faixa de at&eacute; um sal&aacute;rio m&iacute;nimo e nas classes D e E, a penetra&ccedil;&atilde;o do acesso &agrave; Internet &eacute; de apenas 1%, enquanto atinge 81% entre as pessoas com dez ou mais sal&aacute;rios m&iacute;nimos e 91% na classe A.<\/p>\n<p>Se comparadas as &aacute;reas urbanas com as rurais, as diferen&ccedil;as tamb&eacute;m s&atilde;o gritantes. Enquanto 28% dos domic&iacute;lios nas &aacute;reas urbanas possuem computador, na &aacute;rea rural a penetra&ccedil;&atilde;o dessa tecnologia &eacute; de apenas 8%. Com rela&ccedil;&atilde;o ao acesso a Rede Mundial de Computadores, nos domic&iacute;lios urbanos esse n&uacute;mero chega a 20%, enquanto o percentual no meio rural cai para 4%.<\/p>\n<p><strong>No celular, massifica&ccedil;&atilde;o prec&aacute;ria<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A tecnologia telef&ocirc;nica celular tamb&eacute;m registrou crescimento e forte penetra&ccedil;&atilde;o nos domic&iacute;lios brasileiros. Em 2008, o meio chegou a 72% dos lares do pa&iacute;s. O &iacute;ndice contrasta com as estat&iacute;sticas divulgadas em fevereiro de 2009 &#8211; que d&atilde;o conta da exist&ecirc;ncia de mais 150 milh&otilde;es de telefones m&oacute;veis em funcionamento no pa&iacute;s &#8211; pelo fato da pesquisa registra a presen&ccedil;a domiciliar, n&atilde;o o n&uacute;mero absoluto de aparelhos.<\/p>\n<p>A penetra&ccedil;&atilde;o crescente deste servi&ccedil;o tamb&eacute;m se d&aacute; em bases prec&aacute;rias e desiguais, mas segundo uma realidade particular. Se comparada a &aacute;rea rural com a &aacute;rea urbana, o acesso ao telefone m&oacute;vel &eacute; de 76% nos lares da segunda, contra 52% nas casas da primeira. Vale ressaltar ainda discrep&acirc;ncia com rela&ccedil;&atilde;o ao modelo de pagamento. As linhas pr&eacute;-pagas representam 91% deste servi&ccedil;o, enquanto as p&oacute;s-pagas chegam apenas &agrave; 9%. <\/p>\n<p>Segundo a advogada Fl&aacute;via Lefr&egrave;ve, embora o celular tenha ganhado espa&ccedil;o em raz&atilde;o do alto custo de manuten&ccedil;&atilde;o do servi&ccedil;o de telefonia fixa, suas tarifas tamb&eacute;m acabam sendo impeditivas ou limitadoras. &ldquo;O que acontece &eacute; que as pessoas que precisam de um telefone para, por exemplo, manter um contato de trabalho optam por ter um telefone m&oacute;vel ao inv&eacute;s de pagar a assinatura b&aacute;sica e os custos de uma linha fixa. Com o celular conhecido como &lsquo;recebedor&rsquo; as pessoas n&atilde;o precisam colocar sempre cr&eacute;dito no celular. A m&eacute;dia de cr&eacute;dito nos telefones m&oacute;veis no Brasil &eacute; de menos de R$ 3 por m&ecirc;s&rdquo;, explica.&nbsp; <\/p>\n<p>J&aacute; a TV por assinatura registrou aumento modesto de sua penetra&ccedil;&atilde;o: de 5,39% para 7% de 2005 a 2008 nas &aacute;reas urbanas. No total, consideradas as &aacute;reas rurais, o servi&ccedil;o chega apenas a 6% dos domic&iacute;lios, sendo apenas 1% deste total no campo. A antena parab&oacute;lica &eacute; o &uacute;nico item avaliado na pesquisa que tem maior presen&ccedil;a na &aacute;rea rural. S&atilde;o 28% dos domic&iacute;lios rurais com este tipo de tecnologia, contra 19% na &aacute;rea urbana, alcan&ccedil;ando, no total, 20% dos lares brasileiros.<\/p>\n<p>Segundo a an&aacute;lise apresentada pelos pesquisadores, &ldquo;uma das hip&oacute;teses que podem ser levantadas est&aacute; relacionada &agrave; car&ecirc;ncia de infra-estrutura para transmiss&otilde;es televisivas via r&aacute;dio, cabo ou mesmo telefone fixo, equipamento que chega somente a 15% dos domic&iacute;lios em &aacute;reas rurais.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Estagna&ccedil;&atilde;o e queda<br \/><\/strong><br \/>Com rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave;s Tecnologias da Informa&ccedil;&atilde;o e da Comunica&ccedil;&atilde;o mais tradicionais, o estudo apresenta dados que demonstram estagna&ccedil;&atilde;o da penetra&ccedil;&atilde;o da televis&atilde;o e decr&eacute;scimo do r&aacute;dio e da telefonia fixa. A primeira, quase &ldquo;universalizada&rdquo;, est&aacute; presente em 97% dos lares, sendo 98% se considerados apenas aqueles da &aacute;rea urbana.<\/p>\n<p>J&aacute; o r&aacute;dio e o telefone fixo est&atilde;o em constante baixa desde os dados apresentados na primeira pesquisa de 2005. Se considerada a &aacute;rea urbana, sobre a qual existem estudos anteriores, a presen&ccedil;a do meio r&aacute;dio decresceu de 91,64%, em 2005, para 87%, em 2008. A telefonia fixa, que em 2005 tinha presen&ccedil;a em 54% dos lares, atualmente s&oacute; est&aacute; presente em 40%. No total dos domic&iacute;lios, o r&aacute;dio tem presen&ccedil;a em 86% e o telefone fixo, em apenas 36%, sendo que nas casas em &aacute;reas rurais esse tipo de servi&ccedil;o s&oacute; est&aacute; presente em 15%.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Estudo mostra crescimento da penetra\u00e7\u00e3o de novas tecnologias, mas revela que expans\u00e3o \u00e9 contida pelo alto custo de computadores, da conex\u00e3o \u00e0 Internet e dos pacotes da telefonia m\u00f3vel <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[317],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22650"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22650"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22650\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22650"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22650"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obscom.intervozes.org.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}